Sefer ha-Bahir §§ 166-167 -- the seventy grades and the seventy-first

Sefer ha-Bahir · The Book of Brilliance · Anonymous (attributed to Rabbi Neḥunya ben ha-Kanah)

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About Sefer ha-Bahir §§ 166-167 -- the seventy grades and the seventy-first

Sefer ha-Bahir §§ 166-167 reads the seventy palms of Elim as the grades of the powers. § 166: the Holy One has seventy grades (komot) that "draw from twelve simple ones"; a palm is a "stature (komah)" -- "this your stature is likened to a palm" (Song of Songs 7:8) -- and the seventy palms were of seventy kinds, none alike in action or taste. § 167: seventy, or seventy-two? Seventy-one, with Israel a seventy-second, "not in the count"; the seventy-first is "the prince of the Adversary." A parable: a rebel servant, cut off for boasting he can "rob from all," ambushes the king's other servants with shows of gold and armies -- but the king warns them he "rules over chaos (tohu)," which "does not profit and does not save" (1 Samuel 12:21), can harm but is nothing; keep the commandments (Exodus 15:26) and "the disease of Egypt will not be put upon you" -- "I am the LORD your healer."

The seventy powers over the nations, fed from the twelve; the seventy-first, the accusing prince, ruling only over emptiness; and Israel standing outside the count, guarded from the Adversary. This is a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction; the standard modern English translation (Kaplan, 1979) remains under copyright.

Sefer ha-Bahir 166-167 -- the seventy grades and the seventy-first

Sefer ha-Bahir · The Book of Brilliance

ספר הבהיר · קסו-קסז

canonical late 12th c., Provence (ascribed to the 1st c. tanna) Hebrew Anonymous (attributed to Rabbi Nehunya ben ha-Kanah) tr. Hekhal Targum Project (machine-assisted draft; pending scholarly review)

The seventy palms as the grades of the powers. Seventy grades drawing from twelve simple ones, a palm being a “stature,” the seventy of seventy kinds (§ 166); and the counting resolved — seventy-one, with Israel a seventy-second outside the count, the seventy-first the prince of the Adversary, who rules only over chaos and can be resisted by keeping the commandments (§ 167).

A provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor. The Hebrew is reproduced verbatim from the Hebrew Wikisource transcription; the standard modern English translation (Kaplan, 1979) is under copyright.

מאי שבעים תמרים (שמות ט”ו כז). מלמד ששבעים קומות יש לו להקב”ה ושואבים משתים עשרה פשוטות, מה המים האלו פשוטים אף הם פשוטים ומנא לן דתמר הוי קומה, דכתיב (שה”ש ז’ ח) זאת קומתך דמתה לתמר, ולא עוד אלא שיש בתמרים שבעים מינים דכתיב ושבעים תמרים ולא היו דומים זה אל זה ופעולת זה לזה וטעם זה אינו דומה לטעם זה:
What are the seventy palm trees (Exodus 15:27)? This teaches that the Holy One has seventy grades (komot), and they draw from twelve simple ones; and as these waters are simple, so they too are simple. And whence do we [know] that a palm is a grade (komah)? As it is written (Song of Songs 7:8), ‘this your stature (komatech) is likened to a palm.’ And moreover, that there are in palms seventy kinds, as it is written, ‘and seventy palm trees’; and they were not alike, one to another, and the action of this one [differs] from that one, and the taste of this one is not like the taste of that one.
Provisional draft (pending scholarly review)
ואמרת שבעים תמרים שבעים קומות, והא אמרת שבעים ושתים, אלא שבעים ואחת הם וישראל שבעים ושתים אך אינם בכלל, והא אמרת שבעים, אלא האחד שר השטן, משל למה”ד למלך שהיה לו בנים, קנה להם עבדים ואמר להם הנה לכם בשוה לכולכם, אמר אחד מהם איני רוצה עמכם כי אני יש לי יכלת לגזול מכל הכל, אמר המלך הואיל וכן הוא לא יהיה לך חלק בתוכם, ועשה ככל יכלתו יצא וארב להם בדרך והראה להם זהב הרבה ואבנים טובות וחיילות, ואמר להם סורו אלי. מה עשה המלך, סדר חיילותיו וחיילות בניו כולם, והראה להם לעבדים ואמר להם אל יטעה אתכם טועה זה לאמר חייליו רב מחיילי, הנה חיילותיו של אותו הבן רמאי וחושב לגזול אתכם, ואתם לא תשמעו לו, כי בתחילה יחליק דבריו כדי שתלכדו במצודתו ואחר כך ישחק, ואתם עבדי ואני אעשה עמכם כל טוב אם לא תשמעו לו ותסורו מאחריו כי הוא שר על תהו שנאמר (שמואל א י”ב) ולא תסורו כי אחרי התהו אשר לא יועילו ולא יצילו כי תהו המה, אך הם יכולים להזיק והנה אני מייעץ אתכם (שמות ט”ו כו) אם שמוע תשמע לקול ה’ אלהיך והישר בעיניו תעשה והאזנת למצותיו ושמרת כל חוקיו, משתשמור כל חוקיו כל המחלה אשר שמתי במצרים לא אשים עליך, למה אמר כל זה, אלא יסגור לו כל הדלתות, כדי שלא ימצאך פעם אחת רך ופעם אחת קשה, בשמרך כל חוקיו, כל המחלה אשר שמתי במצרים, על ידו, לא אשים עליך, מאי כי אני ה’ רופאיך, ומתי הכהו, אלא כשיבא הוא ויכה אני ה’ רופאיך:
And you said seventy palm trees, seventy grades — but you said seventy-two! Rather, seventy-one they are, and Israel [are] seventy-two, but they are not in the count. But you said seventy! Rather, the one is the prince of the Adversary. A parable: to a king who had sons; he bought them servants and said to them: here they are for you, equally, for all of you. One of them said: I do not wish [to be] with you, for I have the ability to rob from all. The king said: since it is so, you shall have no portion among them. And he did according to all his ability — he went out and lay in wait for them on the way, and showed them much gold and precious stones and armies, and said to them: turn to me. What did the king do? He arrayed his armies and all his sons’ armies, and showed them to the servants, and said to them: let this deceiver not deceive you, saying his armies are more than my armies; behold, the armies of that deceiving son who plans to rob you — and you, do not hearken to him, for at first he will smooth his words so that you are caught in his net, and afterward he will laugh [at you]; and you are my servants, and I will do with you every good, if you do not hearken to him and turn aside from after him, for he rules over chaos (tohu), as it is said (1 Samuel 12:21), ‘and turn not aside, for [it is] after the chaos that does not profit and does not save, for chaos they are’ — yet they can harm; and behold, I advise you (Exodus 15:26), ‘if you will diligently hearken to the voice of the LORD your God, and do what is right in His eyes, and give ear to His commandments, and keep all His statutes’; when you keep all His statutes, ‘all the disease which I put on Egypt I will not put upon you.’ Why did He say all this? Rather, [so that] He may close for him all the doors, that he may not find you one time soft and one time hard; [and] when you keep all His statutes, ‘all the disease which I put on Egypt’ — by his hand — ‘I will not put upon you.’ What is ‘for I am the LORD your healer’? And when did He smite him? Rather, when he comes and smites, ‘I am the LORD your healer.’
Provisional draft (pending scholarly review)
An orientation

This edition sets the verbatim Hebrew beside a fresh English rendering and a critical apparatus: a running commentary on the passage, notes on the controlled vocabulary and the rendering chosen for each term, and cross-references to the lexicon and to related sections. It is a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor.

Apparatus
Tradition
jewish-mysticism
Language
Hebrew
Period
late 12th c., Provence (ascribed to the 1st c. tanna)
Attribution
Anonymous (attributed to Rabbi Neḥunya ben ha-Kanah)
Translator
Hekhal Targum Project (machine-assisted draft; pending scholarly review)
License
Underlying Bahir text public domain by age; digital Hebrew transcription from Hebrew Wikisource (CC-BY-SA) via Sefaria, credited; English rendering and apparatus CC-BY-SA-4.0
Provenance
The Sefer ha-Bahir is a late-12th-century work, in the public domain by age. The Hebrew is reproduced verbatim from the Hebrew Wikisource transcription (CC-BY-SA), retrieved via Sefaria and credited accordingly. This English rendering and its apparatus are a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor. The standard modern English translation (Kaplan, 1979) remains under copyright.

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Anonymous (attributed to Rabbi Neḥunya ben ha-Kanah). "Sefer ha-Bahir §§ 166-167 -- the seventy grades and the seventy-first." Hekhal: An Open Reference for Esoteric Tradition. Last modified May 2, 2026. https://hekhal.org/texts/sefer-ha-bahir-166-167-targum.
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