Heikhalot Rabbati 8: The Martyrological Frame

Heikhalot Rabbati · The Greater Palaces · Anonymous (pseudepigraphically ascribed to R. Ishmael and R. Nehunya ben ha-Kanah)

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About Heikhalot Rabbati 8: The Martyrological Frame

Heikhalot Rabbati 8 is the martyrological frame of the Greater Palaces: the chapter in which the ascent literature attaches itself to the story of the Ten Martyrs. It is narrated entirely by an angel, Suriya, Prince of the Presence, reporting to R. Ishmael, and it turns on the death sentence passed on R. Hanina ben Teradion. Caesar refuses to relent even at the price of Rome itself; God is "already full of laughter" over him; and the angel is then commanded to descend, evict Lupinus Caesar from his palace into a house of swine and dogs, and install the condemned sage in the emperor's place. The executioners behead their own ruler believing him to be the sage, and R. Hanina reigns over Rome in Lupinus' face for six months.

The chapter matters because of what it does to martyrdom. Ra'anan Boustan has argued that Heikhalot Rabbati reworks the post-talmudic Story of the Ten Martyrs to build a myth of origins for its own ascent practice: the intercessory office that belonged to the martyr, secured by dying, passes to the descender to the chariot, who secures it bloodlessly by ascent and liturgy. On that reading this is not a hagiographic preface to the palace material but the problem the palace material answers. The closing unit relocates the whole affair to the court above at Aravot Raqia, where a herald proclaims that Rome's intention is reckoned as the deed itself.

This edition renders the Wertheimer recension verbatim beside a fresh English translation with a critical apparatus, and preserves three live cruxes rather than resolving them: whether the opening word of the divine name is a predicate or part of a compound theonym, who addresses Caesar, and whether God is said to have consented to Rome's decree. Provisional draft, openly released for correction.

Heikhalot Rabbati 8: The Martyrological Frame

Heikhalot Rabbati · The Greater Palaces

היכלות רבתי · פרק ח

canonical late antique / post-talmudic redaction; pseudepigraphically Tannaitic Hebrew Anonymous (pseudepigraphically ascribed to R. Ishmael and R. Nehunya ben ha-Kanah) tr. Hekhal Targum Project (machine-assisted, provisional)

This edition presents the verbatim Hebrew of the passage beside a fresh English rendering and a critical apparatus. It is a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor.

The apparatus carries a running commentary, notes on the controlled vocabulary and the rendering chosen for each term, any doctrinally-live ambiguity preserved with both readings, and cross-references to the lexicon. The Hebrew is reproduced verbatim from the Hebrew Wikisource transcription; the standard modern English translation (Kaplan, 1979) is under copyright.

אמר ר’ ישמעאל סח לי סורי”א שר הפנים ידידי אומר לך כל בושה וכל כלימה של אותו רשע למה על רבי חנינא בן תרדיון שהגיע יומו להורגו אמר לו מרי קיסר חזור בך על אותו חכם שלא יהרג אמר ימות הוא וכל בני ביתו ורומי תספה עמו ובדבר הזה איני חוזר:

אמר ר’ ישמעאל סח לי סורי”א שר הפנים ידידי אל תעצב במדה זאת שאתה נפטר בה לבית עולמך שכבר מלא והדריא”ל ה’ אלקי ישראל שחוק על אותו רשע ואמר הדר גאון שאני שרוי בו וכסא כבוד שסלסלו לו בין שאיני עוזב משנברא ועדי עד שאני מטעימו טעם אור וגחלי אש כרובים ואופנים וחיות הקדש ושרפים לאותו רשע בגהנם על ידי רבי חנינא בן תרדיון:

שח לי סוריי”א שר הפנים ידידי אומר לך מה עשה הדר טהור זיו הדר אוריה”ם ה’ אלקי ישראל ואית דאמרי אוהיהי”ם ה’ אלקי ישראל באותה שעה צוני וירדתי ודחפתי את לופינוס קיסר מהיכלו שהיה ישן בו בלילה והולכתי אותו בבית להקת חזירים וכלבים והכנסתי את רבי חנינא בן תרדיון והולכתי אותו בהיכלו של לופינוס קיסר למחר באו ההורגים על שנצטוו על ר’ חנינא בן תרדיון לומר נפלאות יושב ועושה בבית המדרש ויושב ומלמד תורה לאבירי ישראל התיזו את ראשו ונדמה להם לופינוס קיסר כר’ חנינא בן תרדיון וחתכו את ראשו:

ר’ חנינא בן תרדיון קשר כתר מלכותו ומלך על רומי כצורת פניו של לופינוס קיסר ששה חדשים והרג ששת אלפים הגמונים אלף לחדש והעמידו בצורת ר’ חנינא בן תרדיון לופינוס קיסר לפני רומי ונטלוהו והשליכוהו באש והמיתוהו ואחר החיותן של מעלה תפשוהו והטילוהו באש ובמדה זו לכל עשרה חכמי ישראל:

מפני שהכרוז יוצא מערבות רקיע מכריז ואומר בבית דין של מעלה מחשבה שחשבה רומי הרשעה על אבירי ישראל לאבדם והדריא”ל ה’ אלקי ישראל היה מסכים ואף על פי כן אחרי הרהור שרומי הרשעה מחשבת הרי היא כאלו עשאוה:
Rabbi Ishmael said: Suriya, Prince of the Presence, told me: My friend, I tell you — all the shame and all the disgrace of that wicked one — why? Over Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion, when his day had come for him to be killed. He said to him: “My lord Caesar, turn back concerning that sage, that he not be killed.” He said: “Let him die, he and all the members of his household, and let Rome be swept away with him — and in this matter I do not turn back.”

Rabbi Ishmael said: Suriya, Prince of the Presence, told me: My friend, do not be grieved at this measure by which you depart to your eternal house, for HADRI’EL, YHWH God of Israel, is already full of laughter over that wicked one. And He said: “By the splendor of pride in which I dwell, and by the throne of glory which they have exalted for Him, which I do not forsake from when it was created and unto everlasting — I shall make him taste the taste of light and coals of fire of the cherubim and the wheels and the holy living creatures and the seraphim: that wicked one, in Gehinnom, by the hand of Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion.”

Suriya, Prince of the Presence, told me: My friend, I tell you what the pure splendor, the radiance of splendor, ORIHE’IM, YHWH God of Israel — and there are those who say OHEHIYE’IM, YHWH God of Israel — did. At that hour He commanded me, and I went down and thrust Lupinus Caesar out of his palace, in which he was sleeping that night, and I conducted him into a house of a pack of swine and dogs; and I brought Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion in and conducted him into the palace of Lupinus Caesar. On the morrow the executioners came, since they had been commanded concerning Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion — to declare wonders! — while he sits and does [his work] in the house of study, and sits and teaches Torah to the mighty ones of Israel. They struck off his head; and Lupinus Caesar appeared to them as Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion, and they cut off his head.

Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion bound the crown of his kingship and reigned over Rome in the form of the face of Lupinus Caesar six months, and killed six thousand governors, a thousand each month. And they set up Lupinus Caesar, in the form of Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion, before Rome; and they took him and cast him into the fire and put him to death. And after the reviving of those above, they seized him and flung him into the fire. And by this measure, for every one of the ten sages of Israel.

Because the herald goes forth from Aravot Raqia, proclaiming and saying in the court above: the thought that wicked Rome thought concerning the mighty ones of Israel, to destroy them — and HADRI’EL, YHWH God of Israel, was consenting; and even so, after the deliberating that wicked Rome deliberates, behold, it is as though they had done it.
Provisional draft (pending scholarly review)
An orientation

This edition sets the verbatim original-language text beside a fresh English rendering and a critical apparatus: a running commentary on the passage, notes on the controlled vocabulary and the rendering chosen for each term, and cross-references to the lexicon and to related sections. It is a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor.

Apparatus
Tradition
jewish-mysticism
Language
Hebrew
Period
late antique / post-talmudic redaction; pseudepigraphically Tannaitic
Attribution
Anonymous (pseudepigraphically ascribed to R. Ishmael and R. Nehunya ben ha-Kanah)
Translator
Hekhal Targum Project (machine-assisted draft; pending scholarly review)
License
CC-BY-SA-4.0
Provenance
The Heikhalot Rabbati is a late-antique Hebrew work, in the public domain by age. The Hebrew is reproduced verbatim from the Wertheimer (Batei Midrashot) recension as transmitted in an openly-licensed digital transcription, retrieved via Sefaria and credited accordingly; collation against the printed edition remains an outstanding editorial step. This English rendering and its apparatus are a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor. The Smith/Scholem/Karr English of this work remains under copyright and is cited as a comparand only.

Further reading

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Stable URLs are part of the editorial commitment. This address will not change.

Anonymous (pseudepigraphically ascribed to R. Ishmael and R. Nehunya ben ha-Kanah). "Heikhalot Rabbati 8: The Martyrological Frame." Hekhal: An Open Reference for Esoteric Tradition. Last modified May 2, 2026. https://hekhal.org/texts/heikhalot-rabbati-08-martyrs-targum.