Sefer ha-Bahir 45-48 -- the seven voices of Sinai
Sefer ha-Bahir · The Book of Brilliance
ספר הבהיר · מה-מח
canonical late 12th c., Provence (ascribed to the 1st c. tanna) Hebrew Anonymous (attributed to R. Neḥunya ben ha-Kanah) tr. Hekhal Targum Project (machine-assisted, provisional)
The Sinai revelation read as seven voices. “And all the people saw the voices” (Exodus 20:15) unfolded through the seven “voice of the LORD” of Psalm 29 — the Torah “given in seven voices,” in the developed reading the seven lower sefirot, with the fifth voice “making peace between the water and the fire” (§ 45); the fire on earth and the voices in heaven (§ 46); “an image, but not all an image,” the king seen in his garment but not his throat (§ 47); and the ten utterances gathered into one, lest Israel imagine angelic helpers (§ 48).
This is a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor. The Hebrew is reproduced verbatim from the Hebrew Wikisource transcription; the standard modern English translation (Kaplan, 1979) is under copyright.
אמר מר מאי דכתיב (שמות כ’ ט”ו) וכל העם רואים את הקולות ואת הלפידים, וכי נראים קולות, אלא וכל העם רואים את הקולות אותן קולות שאמר דוד (תהלים כ”ט ג) קול ה’ על המים אל הכבוד הרעים ה’ גו’ קול ה’ בכח ואומר (ישעיה י’ יג) בכח ידי עשיתי, ואומר (שם מ”ח יג) אף ידי יסדה ארץ, קול ה’ בהדר ואמר קרא (תהלים קי”א ג) הוד והדר פעלו וצדקתו עומדת לעד, קול ה’ שובר ארזים (שם כ”ט ה) זה קשת שמשברת עצי ברושים ועצי ארזים, קול ה’ חוצב להבות אש (שם ז) זה שעושה שלום בין המים ובין האש, שחוצב כח האש ומונע אותו מללחוך המים וגם מונען מלכבותו, קול ה’ יחיל מדבר (שם ח) שנאמר (שם י”ח נ”א) ועושה חסד למשיחו לדוד ולזרעו עד עולם, יותר מן המדבר, קול ה’ יחולל אילות ויחשוף יערות ובהיכלו כולו אומר כבוד (שם כ”ט ט), וכתיב (שה”ש ב’ ז) השבעתי אתכם בנות ירושלים בצבאות או באילות השדה, הא למדת שבשבע קולות ניתנה תורה, ובכלם נגלה אדון העולם עליהם וראוהו והיינו דכתיב וכל העם רואים את הקולות:
Mar said: what is written (Exodus 20:15), ‘and all the people saw the voices (kolot) and the torches’? Can voices be seen? Rather, ‘and all the people saw the voices’ — those voices that David spoke of (Psalm 29:3): ‘the voice of the LORD is upon the waters, the God of glory thunders,’ and so forth. ‘The voice of the LORD in power’ — and it says (Isaiah 10:13), ‘by the power of my hand I have done it,’ and it says (ibid. 48:13), ‘also my hand founded the earth.’ ‘The voice of the LORD in majesty’ — and Scripture said (Psalm 111:3), ‘majesty and splendor is his work, and his righteousness endures forever.’ ‘The voice of the LORD breaks the cedars’ (Psalm 29:5) — this is the bow that breaks the cypress-trees and the cedar-trees. ‘The voice of the LORD hews out flames of fire’ (ibid. 7) — this is the one who makes peace between the water and the fire, who hews out the power of the fire and prevents it from licking up the water, and also prevents them from extinguishing it. ‘The voice of the LORD makes the wilderness tremble’ (ibid. 8) — as it is said (Psalm 18:51), ‘and he does lovingkindness to his anointed, to David and to his seed forever,’ more than the wilderness. ‘The voice of the LORD makes the hinds calve and strips the forests bare, and in his temple all say: glory’ (ibid. 9), and it is written (Song of Songs 2:7), ‘I adjure you, O daughters of Jerusalem, by the gazelles or by the hinds of the field.’ You have thus learned that the Torah was given in seven voices, and in each of them the Lord of the world was revealed to them and they saw him; and this is what is written, ‘and all the people saw the voices.‘
Provisional draft (pending scholarly review)
כתוב אחד אומר (שמואל ב כ”ב י) ויט שמים וירד וערפל תחת רגליו, וכתוב אחד אומר (שמות י”ט כ) וירד ה’ על הר סיני אל ראש ההר, וכתוב אחד אומר (שם כ’ י”ט) כי מן השמים דברתי עמכם, הא כיצד. אשו הגדולה היתה בארץ שהוא קול אחד ושאר הקולות היו בשמים דכתיב (דברים ד’ לו) מן השמים השמיעך את קולו ליסרך ועל הארץ הראך את אשו הגדולה ודבריו שמעת מתוך האש, ומאי היא הגדולה, ומאין היה יוצא הדיבור מתוך האש שנאמר (שם) ודבריו שמעת מתוך האש:
One verse says (2 Samuel 22:10), ‘and he bent the heavens and came down, and thick darkness was under his feet’; and one verse says (Exodus 19:20), ‘and the LORD came down upon Mount Sinai, to the top of the mountain’; and one verse says (ibid. 20:19), ‘for from the heavens I spoke with you.’ How is this [reconciled]? The great fire was on the earth — that is one voice — and the rest of the voices were in the heavens, as it is written (Deuteronomy 4:36), ‘from the heavens he made you hear his voice, to discipline you, and upon the earth he showed you his great fire, and his words you heard from the midst of the fire.’ And what is ‘the great [fire]’? And from where did the speech go out from the midst of the fire? As it is said (ibid.), ‘and his words you heard from the midst of the fire.‘
Provisional draft (pending scholarly review)
ומאי ותמונה אינכם רואים זולתי קול (דברים ד’ יב) ההוא כדאמר להם משה לישראל (שם ט”ו) כי לא ראיתם כל תמונה, תמונה ולא כל תמונה. משל למה”ד למלך שעומד על עבדיו מעוטף כסות לבנה לא די לאימת מלכות שיסתכלו במלבושיו, ועוד רחוק היה המלך ושמעו את קולו, יכולים לראות גרונו, אמרת לא, הא למדת שראו תמונה ולא כל תמונה. והיינו דכתיב (שם) ותמונה אינכם רואים זולתי קול, וכתיב (שם) קול דברים אתם שומעים:
And what is ‘and you saw no image, only a voice’ (Deuteronomy 4:12)? That is as Moses said to Israel (ibid. 4:15), ‘for you saw no image (temunah).’ An image, but not all an image. A parable — to what is it comparable? To a king who stands over his servants, wrapped in a white garment. Is it not enough, for the awe of kingship, that they gaze upon his garments? And moreover, the king was far off, and they heard his voice — can they see his throat? You would say: no. You have thus learned that they saw an image, but not all an image. And this is what is written, ‘and you saw no image, only a voice,’ and it is written (ibid.), ‘a voice of words you were hearing.‘
Provisional draft (pending scholarly review)
כתוב אחד אומר (שמות כ’ טו) וכל העם רואים את הקולות, וכתוב אחד אומר (דברים ד’ יב) קול דברים אתם שומעים, הא כיצד, בתחילה רואים את הקולות. ומה ראו שבע קולות שאמר דוד. ולבסוף שמעו הדיבור היוצא מבין כולם. והא אנן עשרה תנן, דרבנן אמרו כולהו אמירן בחדא מילתא, כן כולה אמירן בחדא מילתא, והוי שבע אמירן דשבעה קולות, ועל תלתא מנייהו נאמר קול דברים אתם שומעים ותמונה אינכם רואים זולתי קול, הא למדת דכולהו בחדא מילתא אמירן, ובעבור שלא יטעו ישראל לומר אחרים עזרוהו או אחד מן המלאכים אך קולו לבד לא יוכל להיות חזק כל כך, בעבור כן חזר וכללן:
One verse says (Exodus 20:15), ‘and all the people saw the voices,’ and one verse says (Deuteronomy 4:12), ‘a voice of words you were hearing.’ How is this [reconciled]? At first they saw the voices. And what did they see? The seven voices that David spoke of. And in the end they heard the speech (dibbur) going out from among them all. But have we not learned [that there are] ten? For the rabbis said: all of them were spoken in a single utterance. Just so, all of them were spoken in a single utterance; and they are seven utterances of the seven voices; and concerning three of them it is said, ‘a voice of words you were hearing, and you saw no image, only a voice.’ You have thus learned that all of them were spoken in a single utterance. And so that Israel would not err and say, ‘others helped him, or one of the angels — but his voice alone cannot be so strong’ — for this reason he went back and included them all.
Provisional draft (pending scholarly review)
❦
This edition sets the verbatim Hebrew beside a fresh English rendering and a critical apparatus: a running commentary on the passage, notes on the controlled vocabulary and the rendering chosen for each term, and cross-references to the lexicon and to related sections. It is a provisional scholarly draft, released openly for correction and not yet reviewed by a credentialed editor.
⁂
the seven voices of Sinai
’And all the people saw the voices’ (Exodus 20:15) — can voices be seen? — is read through the seven ‘voice of the LORD (kol H’)’ of Psalm 29, each glossed by a divine act (upon the waters; in power; in majesty; breaking cedars; hewing fire; shaking the wilderness; making the hinds calve, with ‘all say glory’ in his temple). ‘The Torah was given in seven voices.’ Sod: the seven voices are the seven lower sefirot — the seven of the divine structure (Ḥesed through Malkhut) — through which the Lord was revealed at Sinai; the visible ‘voices’ are the manifest grades. The interwoven prooftexts (Isaiah 10:13 and 48:13 on the ‘hand/power’; Psalm 111:3 on majesty and righteousness; Psalm 18:51 on lovingkindness to David; Song of Songs 2:7 on the hinds) tie each voice to a scriptural anchor.
the voice that makes peace between water and fire
’The voice of the LORD hews out flames of fire’ (Psalm 29:7) is read as the grade that ‘makes peace between the water and the fire’ — hewing the power of the fire so it neither licks up the water nor is quenched by it. This is the reconciling central grade (Tiferet) that holds the opposed elements in balance, the same water-and-fire polarity figured by Michael and Gabriel in §§ 11-12; the fifth voice’s ‘peace’ (Psalm 29:7) is the harmony of the tree.
the fire on earth, the voices in heaven
The apparent contradiction among ‘he bent the heavens and came down’ (2 Samuel 22:10; Exodus 19:20) and ‘from the heavens I spoke with you’ (Exodus 20:19) is resolved: the one ‘great fire’ was on the earth while the rest of the voices were in the heavens (Deuteronomy 4:36). The revelation spans the grades, above and below, at once.
an image, but not all an image
’You saw no temunah (image), only a voice’ (Deuteronomy 4:12) is qualified: an image was seen, but not the whole. The parable of the king in a white garment — seen in his garments, and heard, but never seen in his ‘throat,’ the source of the voice — figures a revelation that is manifest yet never total: the grades are shown, the hidden source is not.
the seven voices and the single utterance
Reconciling ‘they saw the voices’ with ‘a voice of words you heard’: first the seven voices were seen, then the single speech (dibbur) heard from among them all. The ten [utterances of the Decalogue] were ‘all spoken in a single utterance’ — seven utterances of the seven voices, plus three (named in ‘a voice of words… no image… only a voice’). The whole was gathered into one lest Israel imagine that helpers or angels aided him and his voice alone could not be so strong — the anti-two-powers point again (cf. §§ 22, 32). Sod: the ten utterances are the ten sefirot spoken as one; the seven voices the lower grades, the three the upper.
tzedek
Selected sense: righteousness
Active senses: righteousness, tzedek-the-shekhinah
Rationale: The match is on ‘tzidkato’ (his righteousness) in the § 45 prooftext, Psalm 111:3, rendered plainly ‘his righteousness’ — the ordinary sense of God’s righteousness enduring, not the technical grade-name here; noted only so the controlled term is accounted for.
Lexicon: lexicon/tzedek
No public-domain translations indexed for this chunk.