Mystical Theology
Peri Mystikēs Theologias · On Mystical Theology · Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (anonymous, writing in the persona of the Athenian convert of Acts 17:34)
canonical
On the text
The Mystical Theology (Περὶ Μυστικῆς Θεολογίας, Peri Mystikēs Theologias) is the shortest and most concentrated of the four surviving treatises of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. In five very short chapters it performs the apophatic ascent: the contemplative disposition that proceeds by negation, denying every concept of God in turn until the negations themselves are denied and the soul is delivered into the dark luminosity that exceeds knowing.
The author writes in the persona of the Athenian convert mentioned in Acts 17:34. Modern scholarship dates the corpus to the late fifth or early sixth century, with the Pseudo-Dionysian corpus making its first attested appearance at a 532 colloquy in Constantinople. The pseudonymity is not deception in the modern sense: the medieval reception treats the persona as a claim of theological lineage, and the text’s stature was secured by that lineage long before its Late Antique provenance was established.
From this brief treatise the entire Western apophatic tradition is descended: through Eriugena’s ninth-century Latin translation into the Rhineland mystics (Eckhart, Tauler, Suso), through the anonymous English Cloud of Unknowing, into John of the Cross and beyond.
Chapter I — What is the Divine Gloom?
Τριὰς ὑπερούσιε καὶ ὑπέρθεε καὶ ὑπεράγαθε, τῆς Χριστιανῶν ἔφορε θεοσοφίας, ἴθυνον ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν μυστικῶν λογίων ὑπεράγνωστον καὶ ὑπερφαῆ καὶ ἀκροτάτην κορυφήν.
Triad supernal, both super-God and super-good, Guardian of the Theosophy of Christian men, direct us aright to the super-unknown and super-brilliant and highest summit of the mystic Oracles, where the simple and absolute and changeless mysteries of theology lie hidden within the super-luminous gloom of the silence, revealing hidden things, which in its deepest darkness shines above the most super-brilliant, and in the altogether impalpable and invisible, fills to overflowing the eyeless minds with glories of surpassing beauty.
This then be my prayer; but thou, dear Timothy, by thy persistent commerce with the mystic visions, leave behind both sensible perceptions and intellectual efforts, and all objects of sense and intelligence, and all things which are not, and which are, and be raised aloft unknowingly to the union, as far as attainable, with Him Who is above every essence and knowledge. For by the resistless and absolute ecstasy in all purity, from thyself and all, thou wilt be carried on high, to the superessential ray of the Divine darkness, when thou hast cast away all, and become free from all.
But see that none of the uninitiated shall hear these things — those, I mean, who are entangled in things being, and imagine there is nothing superessentially above things being, but fancy that they know, by their own knowledge, Him Who has placed darkness as His hiding-place. But, if the divine initiations are above such men, what would one say respecting those still more uninitiated, who both characterize the Cause exalted above all, from things amongst things being, and affirm that It in nowise excels the godless and manifold-shaped impieties invented by them?
Chapter II — How it behoves to be united, and ascribe praises, to the Cause of all
We pray to enter within the super-bright gloom, and through not seeing and not knowing, to see and to know that the not to see nor to know is itself the above sight and knowledge. For this is veritably to see and to know — to celebrate super-essentially the super-essential, through the abstraction of all existing things, just as those who make a lifelike statue, by extracting all the encumbrances which have been placed upon the clear view of the concealed, and by mere cutting away, reveal the hidden beauty.
It is necessary, as I think, to celebrate the abstractions in an opposite way to the definitions. For, we used to place the definitions, by beginning from the foremost and descending through the middle to the lowest; but, in this case, by making the ascents from the lowest to the highest, we abstract everything, in order that, without veil, we may know that Agnosia, which is enshrouded under all the known, in all things being, and may see that super-essential gloom, which is hidden by all the light in things being.
Chapter III — What are the affirmative expressions respecting Deity, and what the negative
This chapter recapitulates the relation between the Theological Outlines (the kataphatic, affirmative theology proceeding from the highest names downward) and the present treatise (the apophatic, ascending denial).
Now in the Theological Outlines we have celebrated the principal affirmative expressions respecting God — in what sense the Divine and good Nature is spoken of as One; in what sense as Three; what is meant by the Fatherhood and Sonship attributed to It; what the Theology of the Holy Spirit aims to demonstrate; how from the immaterial and indivisible Good the Lights dwelling in the heart of Goodness sprang forth, and remained, in their shooting forth, without departing from their co-eternal abiding in Itself, and in themselves, and in each other.
But now, in the present treatise, by ascending from the lowest, we deny first that the Cause of all is any of the things known to us; then we deny it of the higher things, and finally we deny that the Cause of all is any of the things which are. And, as we ascend, our language is stripped, and at the very ascent into that which is beyond all definition we shall be entirely without words.
Chapter IV — That the Pre-eminent Cause of everything sensibly perceived is none of the things sensibly perceived
We say, then, that the Cause of all, being above all, is neither without being, nor without life, nor without reason, nor without intelligence; nor is It a body, nor is It figure, nor form; It has not quality or quantity or bulk; nor is It in any place, nor is It seen; nor has It sensible contact; nor does It perceive, nor is It perceived by, the objects of sense; nor has It disorder and confusion, as troubled by earthly passions, nor is It powerless, as subject to the calamities of sense; nor is It in need of light; nor is It, nor has It, change, or decay, or division, or privation, or flow, or any other thing sensibly perceived.
Chapter V — That the Pre-eminent Cause of everything intelligibly perceived is none of the things intelligibly perceived
Once more, ascending, we say that It is neither soul nor mind; nor has It imagination, opinion, reason, or understanding; nor is It reason or understanding; nor is It spoken nor thought; nor is It number, nor order, nor magnitude, nor smallness; nor equality, nor inequality; nor similarity, nor dissimilarity; nor does It stand, nor move, nor rest; neither has It power, nor is power, nor is light; nor does It live, nor is life; nor is It essence, nor age, nor time; nor is there any intelligible touching of It; nor is It science, nor truth, nor kingdom, nor wisdom; nor one, nor unity, nor Deity, nor Goodness; nor is It Spirit according to our understanding; nor Sonship; nor Paternity; nor any other thing of those known to us, or to any other existing being; neither is It any of non-existing nor of existing things, nor do things existing know It as It is, nor does It know existing things as they are; neither is there expression of It, nor name, nor knowledge; neither is It darkness nor light, nor error, nor truth; neither is there any definition at all of It, nor any abstraction.
When we make affirmations and negations of things which are after It, we neither affirm nor deny It; for the all-perfect and unique Cause of all is above every affirmation, and the pre-eminence of Him, Who is absolutely freed from all, and beyond the whole, is above every negation.
Editorial notes
The treatise’s structural argument: the soul rises by denying. First it denies the sensible (Chapter IV). Then it denies the intelligible — including the very names of the Trinity that affirmative theology has just used (Chapter V). The closing move is the third negation: not that God is not these things, but that even the negation does not apply.
This is the move the entire Western apophatic tradition repeats. Eckhart in the Theological Sermons, the Cloud of Unknowing in its insistence on the cloud of unknowing as the only path to God, John of the Cross in the nada nada nada of the Subida del Monte Carmelo — each is the descendant of the closing paragraph of Mystical Theology.
For the conceptual lexicon, see Apophasis on the negative-theology method, and the parallel Jewish concept of the unknowable Godhead in Sod (סוד).
- Tradition
- christian-mysticism
- Language
- Greek
- Period
- late 5th – early 6th century CE
- Attribution
- Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (anonymous, writing in the persona of the Athenian convert of Acts 17:34)
- Translator
- John Parker (1897)
- License
- Public domain
- Provenance
- From John Parker's 1897 *The Works of Dionysius the Areopagite* (James Parker & Co.), a public-domain edition. Modern critical translations include Colm Luibhéid's 1987 Paulist Press edition and the Suchla critical Greek edition (Patristische Texte und Studien 33, 1990) which establishes the reference Greek text.
- Source
- https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm